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The suffix psu or PSU (denoting practical salinity unit) is sometimes added to PSS-78 measurement values. Salinities measured using PSS-78 do not have units. The use of electrical conductivity measurements to estimate the ionic content of seawater led to the development of the scale called the practical salinity scale 1978 (PSS-78). The resulting 'Knudsen salinities' are expressed in units of parts per thousand (ppt or ‰). The chlorinity was then multiplied by a factor to account for all other constituents. Titration with silver nitrate could be used to determine the concentration of halide ions (mainly chlorine and bromine) to give a chlorinity. Salinities were largely measured using titration-based techniques before the 1980s. As the dominant techniques evolve, so do different descriptions of salinity. The term 'salinity' is, for oceanographers, usually associated with one of a set of specific measurement techniques. Red colors represent areas of high salinity, while blue shades represent areas of low salinity.
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This movie shows salinity patterns as measured by Aquarius from December 2011 through December 2012. Silicon in the form of silicic acid, which usually appears as a neutral molecule in the pH range of most natural waters, may also be included for some purposes (e.g., when salinity/density relationships are being investigated).įull 3 minute NASA video Feb 27,2013 The NASA Aquarius instrument aboard Argentina's SAC-D satellite is designed to measure global sea surface salinity. However, carbon dioxide gas, which when dissolved is partially converted into carbonates and bicarbonates, is often included. The concentrations of dissolved gases like oxygen and nitrogen are not usually included in descriptions of salinity.
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Exceptions include some pit lakes and waters from some hydrothermal springs. The major ions dominate the inorganic composition of most (but by no means all) natural waters. For many purposes this sum can be limited to a set of eight major ions in natural waters, although for seawater at highest precision an additional seven minor ions are also included. Different practical definitions of salinity result from different attempts to account for these problems, to different levels of precision, while still remaining reasonably easy to use.įor practical reasons salinity is usually related to the sum of masses of a subset of these dissolved chemical constituents (so-called solution salinity), rather than to the unknown mass of salts that gave rise to this composition (an exception is when artificial seawater is created). Many of these forms are difficult to measure with high accuracy, and in any case complete chemical analysis is not practical when analyzing multiple samples. The chemical properties of some of these forms depend on temperature and pressure. Measurement and definition difficulties arise because natural waters contain a complex mixture of many different elements from different sources (not all from dissolved salts) in different molecular forms. A bottled seawater product known as IAPSO Standard Seawater is used by oceanographers to standardize their measurements with enough precision to meet this requirement. Physical oceanographers working in the abyssal ocean, however, are often concerned with precision and intercomparability of measurements by different researchers, at different times, to almost five significant digits.
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Whatever pore size is used in the definition, the resulting salinity value of a given sample of natural water will not vary by more than a few percent (%). Rainwater before touching the ground typically has a TDS of 20 mg/L or less. The Dead Sea has a salinity of more than 200 g/kg. Rivers and lakes can have a wide range of salinities, from less than 0.01 g/kg to a few g/kg, although there are many places where higher salinities are found.
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Seawater typically has a mass salinity of around 35 g/kg, although lower values are typical near coasts where rivers enter the ocean. the mass of the dissolved material in a unit mass of solution. Salinity can be expressed in the form of a mass fraction, i.e. Operationally, dissolved matter is defined as that which can pass through a very fine filter (historically a filter with a pore size of 0.45 μm, but nowadays usually 0.2 μm). The concentration of dissolved chloride ions is sometimes referred to as chlorinity. Salts are compounds like sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, and sodium bicarbonate which dissolve into ions. Conceptually the salinity is the quantity of dissolved salt content of the water. Salinity in rivers, lakes, and the ocean is conceptually simple, but technically challenging to define and measure precisely.